Why Eating Meat is Morally Impermissible - 1435 Words

Introduction Is it morally permissible to eat meat? Much argument has arisen in the current society on whether it is morally permissible to eat meat. Many virtuous fruitarians and the other meat eating societies have been arguing about the ethics of eating meat (which results from killing animals). The important part of the dispute is based on the animal welfare, nutrition value from meat, convenience, and affordability of meat-based foods compared to vegetable-based foods and other factors like environmental moral code, culture, and religion. All these points are important in justifying whether humans are morally right when choosing to eat meat. This paper will argue that it is morally impermissible to eat meat by focusing on the†¦show more content†¦Like humans, animals also exhibit such reactions when killed. This evidence disputes the notion that animals do not feel pain. It follows that no animal would be willing to terminate its life for another animal’s survival; that is, a n animal will not kill itself for the benefit of another animal. According to this argument, meat-eating humans should understand that it is not morally permissible to exterminate other animals for their survival. Additionally, some societies argue that the pain that a human would experience is no equitable to the pain animals experience. This is a misleading statement since all creatures experience pain when killed. Thus, â€Å"meat eating is not ethically accepted since it causes a lot of pain to animals† (Singer and Mason, 2007). Morals It is crucial to apprehend the difference between moral agents and moral patients because this difference is a foundation to the upcoming discussion. Moral agents have the ability to identify what morally ought to be done hence, the ability to act or fail to act morally. In contrast, moral patients lack the ability control their behavior (Singer and Mason, 2007). Owing to the fact that moral agents have the capacity to make moral judgments, they should be accountable for their actions. The community requires all animals to make ethical choices yet, animals are incapable of making such decisions. Therefore, several people argue thatShow MoreRelatedAnimal Rights and Human Wrongs6049 Words   |  25 Pagesprices for her goods, the other is to spend less producing those goods. Since there is a limit on how much people will pay for meat, there is substantial financia l pressu re to dec rease th e expe nse of p roducin g the m eat. This under standa bly leads to over-crowding; after all t he more animals a farmer can get into a smaller space, the less it costs to produce the meat. There are similar pressures to restrict the animals movement. The less the animals move, the less they eat, thus decreasing

B2C and B2B Web Site Supply Chain Difference - 981 Words

B2C and B2B Web Site Supply Chain Differences Ah, the wonders that technology has wrought in the world of business. Or should it be phrased: ah, the wonders that business has called forth from the world of technology? Whether it is the chicken or the egg, many changes have developed and with the advancements in what is now called e-business, businesses and consumers have benefited. Though e-businesses vary in scope and methods, they can be categorized basically as business-to-consumer (B2C) or a business-to-business (B2B). A B2B model involves transactions between one business and another business. A B2C model involves transactions between a business and individual consumers. The term B2C could be applied to any business or†¦show more content†¦These networks are more flexible and respond to economic fluctuations with more speed and ease than hierarchically (top-down) structured businesses. The ultimate goal of supply chain management is to achieve a higher-quality or lower-cost product at the end of the chain. This requires building long-term relationships with a small number of very capable suppliers, who in turn have their own relationships with suppliers. The current standard is for e-businesses to invest in one of several new information systems, capable of increasing efficiency in the production line by controlling the logistics in every element of its supply chain. Two such IT systems are EDI and VAN. Schneider gives an example of Boeing s success implementing EDI: Using EDI and Internet links, Boeing is working with suppliers so that they can provide exactly the right part or assembly at exactly the right time. By its second year of using these new systems, Boeing had cut in half the time needed to complete individual assembly processes. It has realized similar reductions in part defect costs. The combined effects of these increased efficiencies are helping Boeing do a much better job of meeting its customers needs. Instead of waiting 36 months for delivery, customers can now have their new airplanes in 10 to 12 months. (Schneider, 2004, p. 230) The primary benefit that arises from such increasedShow MoreRelatedEssay about B2B v. B2C Supply Chains981 Words   |  4 PagesB2B v. B2C Supply Chains Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the age of technology business has come a long way and evolved tremendously. It used to be that brick and mortar was the only way to open and run a business. However, the internet has changed all of that now businesses can use technology to reach customers and other businesses all over the world. This has caused a great surge in the world wide economy. In 2003 Business to Business (B2B) commerce tipped the scales at $1.41 Trillion. This is inRead MoreSupply Chain Mgmt in B2B and B2C Environment1451 Words   |  6 PagesSupply Chain Management in B2B and B2C Environments Supply chain management, whether in a traditional or E-commerce environment, involves distributing products, goods and services from point of manufacture to the delivery of the final product. Supply chain management, whether related to B2B or B2C retailers involves manufacturing, storage, distribution and delivery of products and services to consumers and other businesses. B2B supply chain management is slightly more complex than B2C transactionsRead MoreB2C and B2B Marketing Comparison993 Words   |  4 PagesB2C and B2B Marketing Comparison Marketing ultimately depends on who you are delivering your message to. With Business to Business (B2B), an organization has to know the businesses needs, its current situation, competitors, trends, technology and costs. Business to Commerce (B2C) is also about knowing who you re selling to. You have to know their wants and needs, your competition, distribution, supply chains and costs. Often, B2B sites are more informational and technical. There is less brandingRead MoreThe Difference Between B2B and B2C Supply Chains1332 Words   |  6 PagesThe difference between B2B and B2C Supply Chains Merton M. Hunkin University of Phoenix eBusiness Ââ€" EBUS/400 Facilitator: David Rubenstein April 23, 2007 Introduction Is there is a difference between the supply chains on a Business to consumer (B2C) and a Business to Business (B2B)? If so, what are they? In the era of technology, business has stretched a long way as well as advanced immensely. It used to be that brick and mortar was the only method to start as well as operateRead MoreB2B And B2C Marketing Strategies Essay1379 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology, new business models or sites such as business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C), have emerged which require the employment of different marketing strategies and tools to attract and retain customers. The following sections will provide a comparison of the marketing strategies employed and tools utilized by B2B and B2C e-business sites. Business owners, members of the management team and key decision-makers are primarily the target for B2B marketing programs. According toRead MoreThe Supply Chain Concept1622 Words   |  7 PagesSupply Chain Concept Introduction In today s competitive business environment many firms face the arduous mission of managing their supply chain. In an effort to gain competitive advantage, firms must make key decision involving logistics and operations management to move products and service across the supply chain. The materialization and attractiveness of the Internet has made supply chain management more attainable for business enterprises. Research shows that Internet-derived technologyRead MoreB2B and B2C Marketing Strategies1422 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology, new business models or sites such as business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C), have emerged which require the employment of different marketing strategies and tools to attract and retain customers. The following sections will provide a comparison of the marketing strategies employed and tools utilized by B2B and B2C e-business sites. Business owners, members of the management team and key decision-makers are primarily the target for B2B marketing programs. According toRead MoreAmazon.Com Case Study/Swot3589 Words   |  15 Pagesregarding their services division. The first solution is to invest in the business expansion of online auctions, as they identified a continued need for this type of transaction. The second solution was to create and implement a business-to business (B2B) exchange for suppliers, retailers, manufacturers and distributors. These solutions will be explained in depth in this case study. B. SITUATION Amazon.com was created in 1995 with the vision of CEO Jeff Bezos. The company had a primary product ofRead MoreBrick and Mortar Retail vs. E-Commerce. What Is the Solution?5704 Words   |  23 Pagesthat a brick and mortar organization can provide. So where is the ultimate middle-ground a firm can search for when aspiring to provide quality products and quality customer service in the most efficient way? The following is a discussion on the differences between brick and mortar retail and e-commerce followed by a description of what the final solution is to solve this problem. 2. Introduction In a world where technology is changing every day, traditional businesses are becoming more developedRead MoreApplication Of Information And Communication Technologies2075 Words   |  9 Pagesapplication of information and communication technologies, especially via the Internet. This includes managing internal processes such as human resources, financial and administration systems, as well as external processes such as sales and marketing, supply of goods and services, and customer relationships. Advantages and Disadvantages of E-business E-business offers a range of advantages compared to the traditional business system. These benefits are continuously increasing the popularity of e-business

Selection and Subsequent Impairments System

Question: Discuss about the Selection and Subsequent Impairments System. Answer: Introduction: Application of various accounting policies, particularly the choice of alternative processes has significant impact on the valuation of liabilities, capital and assets which in turn affects the financial results of the organization. Accounting policy on the revaluation and amortization of long term assets have a significant impact on the financial position of the organization. Apart from this, deferred items, reserves and intangible assets are also affected by the selection of accounting policies. Further, the selection of accounting policy becomes more significant when the amount of expenses, incomes, liabilities and assets can be altered by changing the policies (Gao and Liang 2013). The selection of suitable accounting policies is very crucial to get a clear idea of the financial information transacted in the financial statement. An organization must state the account ting policies that is used in preparation of financial statements as alternative treatments are also available for most of the transactions. If the accounting policies are not mentioned clearly, then the uses of the statement will not be able to compare the performance with other entities. Thus, accounting policies are the rules, bases, conventions, procedures and principles that are applied for the presentation and preparation of financial statements. With the application and choice of accounting policies, the fundamental strategies challenge each other (Dhaliwal et al. 2015). Therefore, while choosing the application of appropriate accounting theories, the following factors shall be considered: Goodwill method and valuation for presenting it in the financial statement Allocation of lease as financial lease and operating lease and method of allocation of finance charges related to lease and lessor. Development and research policies and the estimation of capitalization of these costs and resulting amortization. Use of closing or temporary rate for foreign currency transaction. The accounting theories that are to be selected are an integral part of the organization. Hence, the various accounting policies that are applied by the organization have considerable effect on the interpretation of annual reports through various ratio analyses. Various accounting policies have great impact on the financial position as well as the income statement. It has indirect as well as direct affect on the key ratios like gearing ratio and return on capital employed. The adopted accounting policies shall be understood so as to compare the performance of the organisation with other organization in the same industry (Ahmed and Duellman 2013). Focus of ASIC on material disclosures On 31st December 2016, ASIC announced their focus for the financial reports of the listed companies and other companies with public interest having many stakeholders. During 2016 June, they highlighted the organizations that should implement realistic valuations for the value of assets and apply suitable accounting policies. ASIC will continue focusing on the material disclosures like assumptions that will support the accounting projections, selection of considerable accounting policies and the effect of the new requirements. Further, they influence the organizations to communicate information more transparently in the financial statement. The focus area are the same as it were for the year ended June 2016 and must be consistent with the prior periods (Price 2014). These areas are Accounting for tax Recognition of revenue Analysing the value of assets and test for impairment Deferral of expenses Judgements of accounting policies and estimates Arrangements of off-balance sheet items Impact of the new financial instrument and revenue standards Auditors and prepares of of financial statements shall focus on the accurateness of major accounting policies that can affect the financial reports considerably. The requirement of disclosures needed with regard to the revised and new accounting standards must be considered carefully in the areas where the standards have not yet been implied. As per the AASB 108 Accounting policies, alterations in accounting policies and and errors that are required by the organization to disclose the reasonable estimates regarding the possible impacts. During December 2016, ASIC issued press release 16 442 MMR entities that are required to respond related to key standards. As per ASIC, the effect of new standards on the financial instrument, revenue, lease agreements might be more considerable as compared to the impact of IFRS. ASIC mentioned that different matters that are required to be considered before implementations of any plan regarding new standards, that involves required changes in syste ms, impacts of business, effects on alignment with disclosures, financial obligations, requirement of disclosures before the effective date of standards, disclosure obligation of possible disclosures and the effect of transaction documents and other fundraising approaches. With the new accounting standards for revenues, leases and financial instruments that introduce considerable alterations in the future, organizations are required to align with the obligations of AASB 108 and respond to the expectations of the regulations (Duffy 2014). With respect to the off-balance sheet agreements, the auditors and directors must review the treatment carefully for the joint arrangement accountings and disclosures of structured organizations. Moreover, the auditors and directors must review the revenue recognition strategies of the organization to assure that the revenue is recognized as per the substance of the recorded transactions. This assures that: Control of related goods has been delivered to the purchaser Services associated with revenues has been performed Revenues has been recognized in the financial instruments based on the suitable instrument class Where the revenue is related to both the sale of goods as well as provision of the associated services, revenue is suitably distributed over the components and identified properly Assets are segregated properly as non-financial as well as financial assets (Moroney and Trotman 2015). Requirement of suitable revenue recognition policy The suitable timing of recognizing the revenue may need to be considered carefully in the industries with difficult licensing and sales arrangements that may involve regular obligations like software providers. Moreover, the auditors and the directors shall assure that that the financial statements disclose the effect of upcoming obligations and revenue recognition. Previously, at the start of the year the international Accounting Standards Board releases a new standard for accounting on revenue and the other contracts (Holzmann and Munter 2014). The standard may have a considerable impact on when and how the revenue shall be recognized. It is projected that the corresponding accounting standards of Australia will be released for application in future years. The standards of accounting need financial statements to reveal the effect of the new requirements on the financial outcomes and positions. Disclosures for the upcoming effect of international standards and the newly applied acco unting standards will be applied for the preparation upcoming financial statements (Bradshaw et al. 2013). Organizations that are complied with the IFRS, for their financial reporting and their auditors must take care for the expected impact of the application of new accounting policies under IFRS 15 on revenue from the contracts with consumers and make suitable disclosures if needed. IFRS 15 was released by the IASB during May 2014 with the application date set for the period from !st January 2017. The work programme of AASB declared that the IFRSs Australian version has been issued in quarter 4 of the year 2014 (Christian and Ldenbach 2013). References: Ahmed, A.S. and Duellman, S., 2013. Managerial overconfidence and accounting conservatism.Journal of Accounting Research,51(1), pp.1-30. Bradshaw, M., Bens, D., Frost, C.A., Gordon, E., McVay, S., Miller, G., Pfeiffer, R., Plumlee, M., Shakespeare, C., Thomas, W. and Wong, F., 2013. Financial reporting policy committee of the American accounting association's financial accounting and reporting section: Accounting standard setting for private companies.Accounting Horizons,28(1), pp.175-192. Christian, D. and Ldenbach, N., 2013.IFRS essentials. John Wiley Sons. Dhaliwal, D.S., Lamoreaux, P.T., Lennox, C.S. and Mauler, L.M., 2015. Management Influence on Auditor Selection and Subsequent Impairments of Auditor Independence during the Post?SOX Period.Contemporary Accounting Research,32(2), pp.575-607. Duffy, M., 2014. Towards better disclosure of corporate risk: A look at risk disclosure in periodic reporting.Adel. L. Rev.,35, p.385. Gao, P. and Liang, P.J., 2013. Informational feedback, adverse selection, and optimal disclosure policy.Journal of Accounting Research,51(5), pp.1133-1158. Holzmann, O.J. and Munter, P., 2014. New Revenue Recognition Guidance.Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance,25(6), pp.73-76. Moroney, R. and Trotman, K.T., 2015. Differences in Auditors' Materiality Assessments When Auditing Financial Statements and Sustainability Reports.Contemporary Accounting Research. Price, J., 2014. Continuous disclosure.Governance Directions,66(1), p.6.

What Makes Democracy Succeed or Fail

Table of Contents Introduction Public sphere Civil society State Causal relationships and social mechanisms Conclusion References Introduction The word democracy is famous in the world today. It is used to describe a form of government that allows equal opportunities to all its citizens. Also, it is used to influence the policies and laws of a nation. In such administrations, people who meet certain standards are free to convey their views.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What Makes Democracy Succeed or Fail? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As Abraham Lincoln once said, â€Å"democracy is a government of the public, this government works for the citizens and it is administrated by citizens†. In America, democracy is demonstrated in the exercise of democratic procedures such as voting for the president or members of congress. Before any democratic government comes into power, people have to be enlighte ned. In other words, enlightenment precedes democracy. Immanuel Kant claims that â€Å"enlightenment is man’s liberation from his self-incurred immaturity† (Kant, 1784). Immaturity in this text is the inadequacy of a man to make his own decisions without the input of other people (Kant, 1784). It is said to be self-imposed when people choose to lie not because they lack understanding but because they do not have the will and courage to make a personal decision (Kant, 1784). For this reason, it is necessary for the public sphere, civil society and state to be enlightened to strengthen democracy. Enlightenment will help them to reason publicly and express their opinion while keeping the state in check. The success or failure of democracy is determined by the state, civil society and the public sphere. When these institutions are functioning properly democracy succeeds. This paper examines how these three institutions influence the democratic process. Public sphere The pu blic sphere is a key component of democracy because it represents the opinions of the people. It determines whether democracy succeeds or fails. Jurgen Habermas (1996) in his article â€Å"Civil society and the Political Public Sphere† claims that the public sphere is a social experience. It is similar to a collectivity but different from an organization. It does not embrace the principles or frameworks of an institution. It has no membership or leaders. The public sphere is a system that represents the opinions or views of different people. The opinions of people in different social spaces vary. All these views are synthesized and combined to form one common opinion (Habermas, 1996). These opinions are reproduced in the course of communication. There are different forms of the public sphere: political, religious, scientific, and art among others. Democracy requires freedom of speech and this freedom can be found in the public sphere. Influence is a vital element of the publi c sphere that affects democracy. It is based on a mutual understanding of individuals in a social space (Habermas, 1996). Consequently, public views can be used to influence the voting behavior of the jury, government organizations or citizens.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The influence of the public sphere in a political realm can be used as political power when it follows institutionalized processes (Habermas, 1996). This power can be controlled by political leaders or other parties. On the other hand, this influence usually attracts a power struggle. Some leaders or organizations that have the influence of the public sphere can capitalize on their power for their own selfish gain (Habermas, 1996). Such actions destroy democracy because power is transferred to a minority instead of the public. According to Habermas, the public sphere should recognize problems, categorize them and find a feasible solution (Habermas, 1996). If the communal opinion is manipulated, then it means that the solutions will meet the needs the few people in power. Therefore, democracy thrives where the public domain is free from manipulation or blackmail. In addition, the system of communication must capture the views of the citizens without biases. The public sphere enlightens the citizens. It provides an avenue where people think for themselves without considering the views of others. Civil society Civil society has a decisive role in preserving democracy. In the past, civil society was defined in terms of the Marxian theory. It represented the Bourgeoisie class. However, civil society has undergone a revolution. Habermas describes the civil society as organizations that are distinct of the government or any economic affiliations (Habermas, 1996). They include institutions of learning, religious groups, and mass media. They are voluntary groups that secure the systems of c ommunication that make up the public sphere. Religious groups typically provide moral boundaries as opposed to political. According to Tocqueville, associations help to fight individualism and promote freedom in politics (Habermas, 1996). Civil society exists only in civilized communities that allow liberation and freedom. Otherwise, different organizations can arise without a cause. Unlike public spheres, civil societies can only find influence and not political control. This is because civil groups seek power for the people and not themselves. Additionally, these organizations must meet certain requirements. They have to respect the rights of people and the rule of law. The function of the civil society is to represent the people and regulate the authority of the state (Habermas, 1996). The can do this by ensuring that the state uses its power efficiently. One of the vices that lead to the failure of democracy is corruption.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on W hat Makes Democracy Succeed or Fail? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Once the state is corrupt, people will be denied the opportunity to express their opinion and build the nation. Corrupt officials control public issues in order to benefit. For that reason, the civil society holds the key to democracy. They have the ability and power to educate the public on issues concerning their rights and duties as egalitarian citizens. In this process, civil society provides enlightenment. Moreover, civil society can help citizens, and the government to develop critical values such as respect for divergent views, concession, acceptance, and control. Civil society brings people from different social and symbolic spaces together based on their common interests. By encouraging people to come together, civil society curbs individualism. Civil society is a key partner of a democratic state. State Although a democratic government refers to a governme nt managed by the people, the state is equally significant. A successful democracy requires a dependable state. Such a state must promote equality and not dictatorship. It also requires the support and reverence of its people. Tocqueville in his book Democracy in America compares democracy in two states, France and America (Tocqueville, 1835). He claims that one of the dangers facing democracy is extreme devotion to equality. According to Tocqueville (1835), if everyone is equal then no individual has the right to regulate the affairs of another. The only opinion would be majority rule, but this will lead to authoritarianism. If multitudes control power they will acquire despotic tendencies and the minority will suffer. The role of the state in democracy is to ensure that citizens are not trapped in individualism and materialism. Hence, to minimize or avoid these tendencies, the state can endorse institutions such as the Supreme Court and the jury (Habermas, 1996). These institution s may be flawed, but they provide balance. Such systems allow individuals to respect other people and use their freedom wisely. Additionally, the state can support other non-institutional organization like the media and religious group. Causal relationships and social mechanisms Democracy demands equality. However, equality has two consequences. First, individuals are enlightened and allowed to express their opinions. Individualism and oppressive characteristics can emerge. Secondly, equality can prevent an individual from thinking and instead depend on the decisions of others. Kant describes this as immaturity. Such people allow others to think for them. Fascism and Nazism developed because people allowed other people to make decisions. The state, civil society and the public sphere offer a balance for equality and promote democracy.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The views of Kant, Habermas and Tocqueville are relevant and credible in strengthening democracy. Tocqueville in his book recommended the democratic system in America because it embraces the elements of the public sphere, civil societies and the state. All these institutions and prodigy have to function well for democracy to flourish. The public sphere communicates the opinion of the people. The civil society anchors the public domain by supporting them. It also checks on the state. Similarly, the state provides a framework for the civil society and the public sphere to succeed. These associations combat despotic and individualism tendencies. The question as to â€Å"what makes democracy succeed (or fail)?† is determined by the achievements of the public sphere, the civil society and the state. If these key institutions prosper then democracy will succeed. References Habermas, J. (1996). Civil Society and the Political Public Sphere. In J.C. Calhoun J. Gerteis (Ed s.), Contemporary Sociological Theory (pp. 388-405). New Jersey: Blackwell Publishers. Kant, I. (1784). What is Enlightenment? In J.C. Calhoun, J.Gerteis J. Moody (Eds.), Classical Sociological Theory (pp. 39-43). New Jersey: Blackwell Publishers. Tocqueville, A. (1835). Democracy in America. In J.C. Calhoun, J.Gerteis J. Moody (Eds.), Classical Sociological Theory (pp. 55-71). New Jersey: Blackwell Publishers. This essay on What Makes Democracy Succeed or Fail? was written and submitted by user Tanner Mitchell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Brief history of film essays

Brief history of film essays The great movie event of 1972 was The Godfather, the top-grossing film of the year and possibly of all time. In a nation apparently worried about violence in motion pictures, on television, and in its streets, the popularity of The Godfather made ironic commentary on American attitudes and values. The year began with angry outcries against the blood and gore of A Clockwork Orange and Straw Dogs, released in December, 1971; and the publication in March of the Surgeon-General's Report on Televised Violence further upset the public. Nevertheless, Americans paid well over $125 million to witness a three-hour testimony to the glories of gangsterdom. Concerned chiefly with power struggles among rival gangland "families," which are, implicitly, units of the "Mafia" or "Cosa Nostra," The Godfather has two central themes: first, in the words of Balzac, that "Behind every great fortune there is a crime," and second, that beneath the bravado and butchery, gangsters are warm and loving human beings, good friends, good husbands, good fathers, and good sons. The public did not complain about the brutality of the film; significantly, the cruelty is not sex-linked as in Clockwork Orange and Straw Dogs. Nor did the community of critics, who are often hostile to big, expensive movies ( The Godfather cost $6 million to produce). They praised the film highly, and gave kudos to all concerned director Francis Ford Coppola; scenarists Coppola and Mario Puzo, who wrote the best-selling novel on which the film is based; and stars Marlon Brando and Al Pacino. New Direction in Film Musicals. The Godfather was not 1972's only blockbuster. Cabaret, an adaptation of the acclaimed Broadway musical of 1971, showed a domestic gross of more than $20 million. Liza Minnelli, daughter of film director Vincente Minnelli and the late Judy Garland, and evidently heir to her mother's charismatic gifts as a performer, stars in the film. The film was based on Christo...

Historical Memory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Historical Memory - Essay Example He graduated in the year 1948 with a B.A. degree from the same college his father and grandfather attended. Martin went ahead and attended Crozer theological seminary for three years studying theology (Asselin, 6). After completion of his studies, he was elected the president of a senior class, which was predominant with whites. He graduated with a B.D. in 1951, which won him a scholarship from Crozer College and enrolled in Boston University. After completion of his studies, he received a degree in 1955, after completing his residence doctorate in 1953. While in Boston, Luther met his wife, with whom they bore two sons and two daughters. In 1954, he became a pastor and a rights activist until his assassination on 4 April 1968. Even though slavery was banned in the United States in the late 19th century, the institutions in the country discriminated people according to race. This was often referred to institutional racism, where African Americans were oppressed in the country. In the mid 20th century, many African Americans were occasionally mistreated even in public (Asselin, 10). For instance, the African Americans were forced to use separate schools and public utilities. On the other hand, the superior and well-established utilities, facilities, and schools were reserved for the whites. This was a daunting situation, especially to the African Americans, constantly known as blacks. For many decades, African Africans had been engaging endless fights to establish an all-inclusive society without segregation and discrimination. Apparently, they made some progress. The efforts of the African Americans were enhanced by Martin Luther as he started raising awareness of the public to racism, discrimination, and segregation in the country. His ostensible objective was to enhance racial equality across the nation. However, he had other objectives, which included raising awareness in the grassroots. As such, the people in the grassroots

HRM and absence Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HRM and absence Management - Essay Example In fact in some organizations a culture of absence exists, contends Hayton (2010). It has been found that regular illness occurs on a Monday or a Friday although Monday is a better option for an extended weekend with absenteeism being recorded at 35% against 3 percent on Fridays (Gray, 2010). However, the Office for National Statistics finds that that days lost to sickness were fairly evenly spread across the weekdays (Barham & Begum, 2005). Employers are becoming aware of the direct and indirect cost to organization due to high levels of absenteeism. If absenteeism is left unchecked it impacts organizational morale and productivity (HRM Guide, 2001). Organizations now do have absence management policies but these policies must examine the causes of absence and take remedial action. While devising the policies it must be recognized that employees can be genuinely ill also. Hayday (2006) contends that a certain amount of absence is a part of working life and any absent management poli cy must provide support to those who are legitimately absent. At the same time non-legitimate absence has to be discouraged because absenteeism is proving to be costly for both private and public organizations. The cost of sick-notes in the UK has reached GBP 750 million in lost working days (Macnab, 2011). The number of workers facing disciplinary action has doubled since 2010 and thousands of workers have been dismissed because of poor attendance. More than 17 million days have been lost as a result of workers reporting sick over the last five years. The situation is the same in both the private and the public sector, says Macnab but Thomas (2010) contends that the absence costs are higher in the public sector at ?685 per head for 2009 against ?455 in the private sector services and ?545 in manufacturing and production. NHS Lothian faced a loss of GBP 17 million due to absenteeism in the past five years. Unscheduled worker absenteeism results in about 2 to 4 percent loss of workin g time (Bridges & Mumford, 2001). A study of absenteesim across genders reveals that women with dependents are less likely to be absent but those with children below the age of 2 years would frequently absent from work. One of the most respected surveys of UK absence conducted by CBI/Pfizer Absence and workplace health survey revealed that the economy lost 190 million working days to absence in 2010 with each employee taking about 6.4 days of sick on an average (Paton, 2011). This results in direct cost of ?17 billion to the economy while it does not include the indirect cost such as lower customer service and reduced productivity. Another survey by PricewaterhouseCoopers argues that the average UK salary stands at ?25,000 which means the absenteeism was costing the economy approximately ?32 billion per year based on the finding that an average worker took about ten days of unscheduled absence. This figure too does not take into account the potential replacement costs and the lost p roductivity. The survey results may differ on the figures but what is evident is that unscheduled absenteeism is taking a toll on businesses and demands immediate attention. One in three workers in the UK abuse sick days at work costing the UK economy some ?32 billion (Clarke, 2011). However, handovers and good weather are cited as reasons for absenteeism. Some even plan their vacations in advance and fake symptoms by appearing for work with props to justify their sickness. This report by PwC suggests that a large part of this loss is preventable. One of the ways is to introduce flexible working hours. Hayday (2006) divides the causes of absence under four clusters – health and lifestyle, attitude and stress, workplace, and domestic and kinship.